Associations. The situation is different with groups which represent specific material interests of their members. These above all include the major labor and employers’ associations. In addition, there are numerous other organizations which represent certain professional, business, social or other interests. Thus homeowners, tenants and motorists, for example, have associations, some with very large memberships. There are organizations of minorities, too.

These common-interest organizations engage in public relations to win sympathy for their causes. Their expertise can also be called upon in the preparation of legislation. Their influence is considerable, but it would be an exaggeration to say Germany is ruled by associations.