Finland has had a strong tradition of literacy since the Protestant Reformation. The Lutheran Church aimed at widespread literacy to enable the common man to read the Bible. In the next century, proof of literacy became a requirement for the right to marry. By the second half of the nineteenth century, legislation was in place for a general system of elementary education, although the tsarist regime did not allow its realization. After freedom, a Comprehensive Education Act was passed in 1921 that met the state’s constitutional requirement to offer “universal compulsory education,” including elementary education, at no cost. Legislation also stipulated that Finnish citizens had a duty to be educated.

In the postwar time, the basic goal of Finnish education authorities has been to create a system that would offer equal educational opportunities for everyone, would guarantee the nation a populace able to meet the technological challenges of the international marketplace, would promote democratic values, and would allow each person the fullest realization of his or her potential. Work to realize this goal has led since the 1960s to profound changes in the organization of the nation’s school system. Secondary education was broadened and reformed to allow a greater range of choices and opportunities. University education was expanded and distributed more equally across the nation, its control was democratized, and access to it was widened.

Schooling is free and compulsory in Finland between the ages of 7 and 16. Virtually no illiteracy exists. In addition to regular primary and secondary schools, Finland has an considerable adult education program consisting of folk high schools, folk academies, and workers’ institutes. The adult education schools are operated privately or by municipalities or provinces and obtain state subsidies.